Bipolar disorder (BD), formerly called manic depression, is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings between emotional highs (mania/hypomania) and lows (depression). These shifts affect energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out daily tasks. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), bipolar disorder affects approximately 45 million people worldwide.
Types of Bipolar Disorder
- Bipolar I Disorder: Defined by manic episodes lasting ≥7 days or severe mania requiring hospitalization. Depressive episodes often occur. (National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH))
- Bipolar II Disorder: Recurrent depressive and hypomanic (less severe mania) episodes.
- Cyclothymic Disorder: Chronic, fluctuating moods with hypomania and mild depression.
- Other Specified Bipolar Disorders: Symptoms that don’t match the above categories.
Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder
Manic/Hypomanic Episodes
- Elevated mood or irritability
- Racing thoughts, rapid speech
- Increased energy, reduced need for sleep
- Risky behavior (e.g., overspending, substance abuse)
Depressive Episodes
- Persistent sadness or hopelessness
- Loss of interest in activities
- Fatigue, changes in sleep/appetite
- Suicidal thoughts (American Psychiatric Association)
Causes & Risk Factors
While the exact cause is unknown, research suggests:
- Genetics: A family history of BD increases risk (Nature Genetics Study).
- Brain Structure: Imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine.
- Environmental Triggers: Trauma, chronic stress, or substance abuse.
How is Bipolar Disorder Diagnosed?
Diagnosis involves:
- Clinical Evaluation: A psychiatrist reviews symptoms and medical history.
- DSM-5 Criteria: Mood episodes must meet duration/severity standards.
- Differential Diagnosis: Ruling out conditions like ADHD or borderline personality disorder.
Evidence-Based Treatments
- Medications:
- Mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium)
- Antipsychotics (e.g., quetiapine)
- Antidepressants (used cautiously) (Mayo Clinic)
- Psychotherapy:
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
- Family-Focused Therapy
- Lifestyle Adjustments:
- Regular sleep schedules
- Stress management (e.g., mindfulness)
Living with Bipolar Disorder
- Early Intervention: Recognizing warning signs prevents severe episodes.
- Support Systems: Peer groups like Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA) can help.
- Long-Term Management: Consistent treatment improves quality of life.
FAQs About Bipolar Disorder
Q: Is bipolar disorder curable?
A: While there’s no cure, it’s manageable with treatment.
Q: How is bipolar different from depression?
A: Bipolar includes manic/hypomanic episodes; depression (unipolar) does not.
Q: Can children have bipolar disorder?
A: Yes, though symptoms may differ from adults (NIMH).